منابع مشابه
Review: oral or parenteral opioids alleviate dyspnoea.
Data extraction Data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers on disease causing dyspnoea, intervention (opioid used and dosage), study methodology, and results. Study quality was assessed using the 5 point Jadad scale and the Cochrane Collaboration criteria for concealment. Main outcome measure was a subjective assessment of dyspnoea. In studies of patients at rest, the breathlessness measure...
متن کاملParenteral opioids for labor pain relief: a systematic review.
Parenteral opioids are commonly used for labor pain relief and have been the subject of research for many years. The objectives of this review were to determine the safety and effectiveness of parenteral opioids in this context. Of 85 trials systematically reviewed, 48 comprising more than 9800 were included, but the number of trials contributing data to individual outcome measures is very limi...
متن کاملEndogenous opioids: opposing stress with a cost
The stress response is characterized by the coordinated engagement of central and peripheral neural systems in response to life-threatening challenges. It has been conserved through evolution and is essential for survival. However, the frequent or continual elicitation of the stress response by repeated or chronic stress, respectively, results in the dysfunction of stress response circuits, ult...
متن کاملCost and outcome analysis of home parenteral and enteral nutrition.
BACKGROUND Previous estimates of the cost of home parenteral and enteral nutrition (HPEN) have excluded hospitalization costs or were conducted abroad and have limited applicability in the United States. Few studies have used validated measures to determine the effect of home nutrition support on quality of life. METHOD A cost and clinical outcome analysis was performed by retrospective revie...
متن کاملCost of goods sold and total cost of delivery for oral and parenteral vaccine packaging formats
Despite limitations of glass packaging for vaccines, the industry has been slow to implement alternative formats. Polymer containers may address many of these limitations, such as breakage and delamination. However, the ability of polymer containers to achieve cost of goods sold (COGS) and total cost of delivery (TCOD) competitive with that of glass containers is unclear, especially for cost-se...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®
سال: 2000
ISSN: 1049-9091,1938-2715
DOI: 10.1177/104990910001700501